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                <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"> Elasticsearch 基本介绍及其与 Python 的对接实现 </h1>
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                <h2 id="什么是-Elasticsearch"><a href="#什么是-Elasticsearch" class="headerlink" title="什么是 Elasticsearch"></a>什么是 Elasticsearch</h2>
                <p>想查数据就免不了搜索，搜索就离不开搜索引擎，百度、谷歌都是一个非常庞大复杂的搜索引擎，他们几乎索引了互联网上开放的所有网页和数据。然而对于我们自己的业务数据来说，肯定就没必要用这么复杂的技术了，如果我们想实现自己的搜索引擎，方便存储和检索，Elasticsearch 就是不二选择，它是一个全文搜索引擎，可以快速地储存、搜索和分析海量数据。</p>
                <h2 id="为什么要用-Elasticsearch"><a href="#为什么要用-Elasticsearch" class="headerlink" title="为什么要用 Elasticsearch"></a>为什么要用 Elasticsearch</h2>
                <p>Elasticsearch 是一个开源的搜索引擎，建立在一个全文搜索引擎库 Apache Lucene™ 基础之上。 那 Lucene 又是什么？Lucene 可能是目前存在的，不论开源还是私有的，拥有最先进，高性能和全功能搜索引擎功能的库，但也仅仅只是一个库。要用上 Lucene，我们需要编写 Java 并引用 Lucene 包才可以，而且我们需要对信息检索有一定程度的理解才能明白 Lucene 是怎么工作的，反正用起来没那么简单。 那么为了解决这个问题，Elasticsearch 就诞生了。Elasticsearch 也是使用 Java 编写的，它的内部使用 Lucene 做索引与搜索，但是它的目标是使全文检索变得简单，相当于 Lucene 的一层封装，它提供了一套简单一致的 RESTful API 来帮助我们实现存储和检索。 所以 Elasticsearch 仅仅就是一个简易版的 Lucene 封装吗？那就大错特错了，Elasticsearch 不仅仅是 Lucene，并且也不仅仅只是一个全文搜索引擎。 它可以被下面这样准确的形容：</p>
                <ul>
                  <li>一个分布式的实时文档存储，每个字段可以被索引与搜索</li>
                  <li>一个分布式实时分析搜索引擎</li>
                  <li>能胜任上百个服务节点的扩展，并支持 PB 级别的结构化或者非结构化数据</li>
                </ul>
                <p>总之，是一个相当牛逼的搜索引擎，维基百科、Stack Overflow、GitHub 都纷纷采用它来做搜索。</p>
                <h2 id="Elasticsearch-的安装"><a href="#Elasticsearch-的安装" class="headerlink" title="Elasticsearch 的安装"></a>Elasticsearch 的安装</h2>
                <p>我们可以到 Elasticsearch 的官方网站下载 Elasticsearch：<a href="https://www.elastic.co/downloads/elasticsearch" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.elastic.co/downloads/elasticsearch</a>，同时官网也附有安装说明。 首先把安装包下载下来并解压，然后运行 bin/elasticsearch（Mac 或 Linux）或者 bin\elasticsearch.bat (Windows) 即可启动 Elasticsearch 了。 我使用的是 Mac，Mac 下个人推荐使用 Homebrew 安装：</p>
                <figure class="highlight mipsasm">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">brew </span><span class="keyword">install </span>elasticsearch</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>Elasticsearch 默认会在 9200 端口上运行，我们打开浏览器访问 <a href="http://localhost:9200/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://localhost:9200/</a> 就可以看到类似内容：</p>
                <figure class="highlight json">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"name"</span> : <span class="string">"atntrTf"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"cluster_name"</span> : <span class="string">"elasticsearch"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"cluster_uuid"</span> : <span class="string">"e64hkjGtTp6_G2h1Xxdv5g"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"version"</span> : &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"number"</span>: <span class="string">"6.2.4"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"build_hash"</span>: <span class="string">"ccec39f"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"build_date"</span>: <span class="string">"2018-04-12T20:37:28.497551Z"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"build_snapshot"</span>: <span class="literal">false</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"lucene_version"</span>: <span class="string">"7.2.1"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"minimum_wire_compatibility_version"</span>: <span class="string">"5.6.0"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"minimum_index_compatibility_version"</span>: <span class="string">"5.0.0"</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"tagline"</span> : <span class="string">"You Know, for Search"</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>如果看到这个内容，就说明 Elasticsearch 安装并启动成功了，这里显示我的 Elasticsearch 版本是 6.2.4 版本，版本很重要，以后安装一些插件都要做到版本对应才可以。 接下来我们来了解一下 Elasticsearch 的基本概念以及和 Python 的对接。</p>
                <h2 id="Elasticsearch-相关概念"><a href="#Elasticsearch-相关概念" class="headerlink" title="Elasticsearch 相关概念"></a>Elasticsearch 相关概念</h2>
                <p>在 Elasticsearch 中有几个基本的概念，如节点、索引、文档等等，下面来分别说明一下，理解了这些概念对熟悉 Elasticsearch 是非常有帮助的。</p>
                <h3 id="Node-和-Cluster"><a href="#Node-和-Cluster" class="headerlink" title="Node 和 Cluster"></a>Node 和 Cluster</h3>
                <p>Elasticsearch 本质上是一个分布式数据库，允许多台服务器协同工作，每台服务器可以运行多个 Elasticsearch 实例。 单个 Elasticsearch 实例称为一个节点（Node）。一组节点构成一个集群（Cluster）。</p>
                <h3 id="Index"><a href="#Index" class="headerlink" title="Index"></a>Index</h3>
                <p>Elasticsearch 会索引所有字段，经过处理后写入一个反向索引（Inverted Index）。查找数据的时候，直接查找该索引。 所以，Elasticsearch 数据管理的顶层单位就叫做 Index（索引），其实就相当于 MySQL、MongoDB 等里面的数据库的概念。另外值得注意的是，每个 Index （即数据库）的名字必须是小写。</p>
                <h3 id="Document"><a href="#Document" class="headerlink" title="Document"></a>Document</h3>
                <p>Index 里面单条的记录称为 Document（文档）。许多条 Document 构成了一个 Index。 Document 使用 JSON 格式表示，下面是一个例子。 同一个 Index 里面的 Document，不要求有相同的结构（scheme），但是最好保持相同，这样有利于提高搜索效率。</p>
                <h3 id="Type"><a href="#Type" class="headerlink" title="Type"></a>Type</h3>
                <p>Document 可以分组，比如 weather 这个 Index 里面，可以按城市分组（北京和上海），也可以按气候分组（晴天和雨天）。这种分组就叫做 Type，它是虚拟的逻辑分组，用来过滤 Document，类似 MySQL 中的数据表，MongoDB 中的 Collection。 不同的 Type 应该有相似的结构（Schema），举例来说，id 字段不能在这个组是字符串，在另一个组是数值。这是与关系型数据库的表的一个区别。性质完全不同的数据（比如 products 和 logs）应该存成两个 Index，而不是一个 Index 里面的两个 Type（虽然可以做到）。 根据规划，Elastic 6.x 版只允许每个 Index 包含一个 Type，7.x 版将会彻底移除 Type。</p>
                <h3 id="Fields"><a href="#Fields" class="headerlink" title="Fields"></a>Fields</h3>
                <p>即字段，每个 Document 都类似一个 JSON 结构，它包含了许多字段，每个字段都有其对应的值，多个字段组成了一个 Document，其实就可以类比 MySQL 数据表中的字段。 在 Elasticsearch 中，文档归属于一种类型（Type），而这些类型存在于索引（Index）中，我们可以画一些简单的对比图来类比传统关系型数据库：</p>
                <figure class="highlight xl">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">R<span class="function"><span class="title">elational</span> DB -&gt;</span> D<span class="function"><span class="title">atabases</span> -&gt;</span> T<span class="function"><span class="title">ables</span> -&gt;</span> R<span class="function"><span class="title">ows</span> -&gt;</span> Columns</span><br><span class="line">E<span class="function"><span class="title">lasticsearch</span> -&gt;</span> I<span class="function"><span class="title">ndices</span>   -&gt;</span> T<span class="function"><span class="title">ypes</span>  -&gt;</span> D<span class="function"><span class="title">ocuments</span> -&gt;</span> Fields</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>以上就是 Elasticsearch 里面的一些基本概念，通过和关系性数据库的对比更加有助于理解。</p>
                <h2 id="Python-对接-Elasticsearch"><a href="#Python-对接-Elasticsearch" class="headerlink" title="Python 对接 Elasticsearch"></a>Python 对接 Elasticsearch</h2>
                <p>Elasticsearch 实际上提供了一系列 Restful API 来进行存取和查询操作，我们可以使用 curl 等命令来进行操作，但毕竟命令行模式没那么方便，所以这里我们就直接介绍利用 Python 来对接 Elasticsearch 的相关方法。 Python 中对接 Elasticsearch 使用的就是一个同名的库，安装方式非常简单：</p>
                <figure class="highlight cmake">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">pip3 <span class="keyword">install</span> elasticsearch</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>官方文档是：<a href="https://elasticsearch-py.readthedocs.io/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://elasticsearch-py.readthedocs.io/</a>，所有的用法都可以在里面查到，文章后面的内容也是基于官方文档来的。</p>
                <h3 id="创建-Index"><a href="#创建-Index" class="headerlink" title="创建 Index"></a>创建 Index</h3>
                <p>我们先来看下怎样创建一个索引（Index），这里我们创建一个名为 news 的索引：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> elasticsearch import Elasticsearch</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">es = Elasticsearch()</span><br><span class="line">result = es.indices.create(<span class="attribute">index</span>=<span class="string">'news'</span>, <span class="attribute">ignore</span>=400)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(result)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>如果创建成功，会返回如下结果：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ada">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&#123;<span class="symbol">'acknowledged</span>': <span class="literal">True</span>, <span class="symbol">'shards_acknowledged</span>': <span class="literal">True</span>, <span class="symbol">'index</span>': <span class="symbol">'news</span>'&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>返回结果是 JSON 格式，其中的 acknowledged 字段表示创建操作执行成功。 但这时如果我们再把代码执行一次的话，就会返回如下结果：</p>
                <figure class="highlight sml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&#123;<span class="symbol">'error'</span>: &#123;<span class="symbol">'root_cause'</span>: [&#123;<span class="symbol">'type'</span>: <span class="symbol">'resource_already_exists_exception'</span>, <span class="symbol">'reason'</span>: <span class="symbol">'index</span> [news/<span class="type">QM6yz2W8QE</span>-bflKhc5oThw] already exists', <span class="symbol">'index_uuid'</span>: <span class="symbol">'QM6yz2W8QE</span>-bflKhc5oThw', <span class="symbol">'index'</span>: <span class="symbol">'news'</span>&#125;], <span class="symbol">'type'</span>: <span class="symbol">'resource_already_exists_exception'</span>, <span class="symbol">'reason'</span>: <span class="symbol">'index</span> [news/<span class="type">QM6yz2W8QE</span>-bflKhc5oThw] already exists', <span class="symbol">'index_uuid'</span>: <span class="symbol">'QM6yz2W8QE</span>-bflKhc5oThw', <span class="symbol">'index'</span>: <span class="symbol">'news'</span>&#125;, <span class="symbol">'status'</span>: <span class="number">400</span>&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>它提示创建失败，status 状态码是 400，错误原因是 Index 已经存在了。 注意这里我们的代码里面使用了 ignore 参数为 400，这说明如果返回结果是 400 的话，就忽略这个错误不会报错，程序不会执行抛出异常。 假如我们不加 ignore 这个参数的话：</p>
                <figure class="highlight isbl">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="variable">es</span> = <span class="function"><span class="title">Elasticsearch</span>()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable"><span class="class">result</span></span> = <span class="variable">es.indices.create</span>(<span class="variable">index</span>=<span class="string">'news'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span>(<span class="variable"><span class="class">result</span></span>)</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>再次执行就会报错了：</p>
                <figure class="highlight reasonml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">raise <span class="module-access"><span class="module"><span class="identifier">HTTP_EXCEPTIONS</span>.</span></span>get(status_code, TransportError)(status_code, error_message, additional_info)</span><br><span class="line">elasticsearch.exceptions.RequestError: <span class="constructor">TransportError(400, '<span class="params">resource_already_exists_exception</span>', '<span class="params">index</span> [<span class="params">news</span><span class="operator">/</span>QM6yz2W8QE-<span class="params">bflKhc5oThw</span>] <span class="params">already</span> <span class="params">exists</span>')</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这样程序的执行就会出现问题，所以说，我们需要善用 ignore 参数，把一些意外情况排除，这样可以保证程序的正常执行而不会中断。</p>
                <h3 id="删除-Index"><a href="#删除-Index" class="headerlink" title="删除 Index"></a>删除 Index</h3>
                <p>删除 Index 也是类似的，代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> elasticsearch import Elasticsearch</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">es = Elasticsearch()</span><br><span class="line">result = es.indices.delete(<span class="attribute">index</span>=<span class="string">'news'</span>, ignore=[400, 404])</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(result)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里也是使用了 ignore 参数，来忽略 Index 不存在而删除失败导致程序中断的问题。 如果删除成功，会输出如下结果：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ada">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&#123;<span class="symbol">'acknowledged</span>': <span class="literal">True</span>&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>如果 Index 已经被删除，再执行删除则会输出如下结果：</p>
                <figure class="highlight sml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&#123;<span class="symbol">'error'</span>: &#123;<span class="symbol">'root_cause'</span>: [&#123;<span class="symbol">'type'</span>: <span class="symbol">'index_not_found_exception'</span>, <span class="symbol">'reason'</span>: <span class="symbol">'no</span> such index', <span class="symbol">'resource</span>.type': <span class="symbol">'index_or_alias'</span>, <span class="symbol">'resource</span>.id': <span class="symbol">'news'</span>, <span class="symbol">'index_uuid'</span>: <span class="symbol">'_na_'</span>, <span class="symbol">'index'</span>: <span class="symbol">'news'</span>&#125;], <span class="symbol">'type'</span>: <span class="symbol">'index_not_found_exception'</span>, <span class="symbol">'reason'</span>: <span class="symbol">'no</span> such index', <span class="symbol">'resource</span>.type': <span class="symbol">'index_or_alias'</span>, <span class="symbol">'resource</span>.id': <span class="symbol">'news'</span>, <span class="symbol">'index_uuid'</span>: <span class="symbol">'_na_'</span>, <span class="symbol">'index'</span>: <span class="symbol">'news'</span>&#125;, <span class="symbol">'status'</span>: <span class="number">404</span>&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这个结果表明当前 Index 不存在，删除失败，返回的结果同样是 JSON，状态码是 400，但是由于我们添加了 ignore 参数，忽略了 400 状态码，因此程序正常执行输出 JSON 结果，而不是抛出异常。</p>
                <h3 id="插入数据"><a href="#插入数据" class="headerlink" title="插入数据"></a>插入数据</h3>
                <p>Elasticsearch 就像 MongoDB 一样，在插入数据的时候可以直接插入结构化字典数据，插入数据可以调用 create() 方法，例如这里我们插入一条新闻数据：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> elasticsearch import Elasticsearch</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">es = Elasticsearch()</span><br><span class="line">es.indices.create(<span class="attribute">index</span>=<span class="string">'news'</span>, <span class="attribute">ignore</span>=400)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">data = &#123;<span class="string">'title'</span>: <span class="string">'美国留给伊拉克的是个烂摊子吗'</span>, <span class="string">'url'</span>: <span class="string">'http://view.news.qq.com/zt2011/usa_iraq/index.htm'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">result = es.create(<span class="attribute">index</span>=<span class="string">'news'</span>, <span class="attribute">doc_type</span>=<span class="string">'politics'</span>, <span class="attribute">id</span>=1, <span class="attribute">body</span>=data)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(result)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里我们首先声明了一条新闻数据，包括标题和链接，然后通过调用 create() 方法插入了这条数据，在调用 create() 方法时，我们传入了四个参数，index 参数代表了索引名称，doc_type 代表了文档类型，body 则代表了文档具体内容，id 则是数据的唯一标识 ID。 运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight 1c">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&#123;'_index': 'news', '_type': 'politics', '_id': '1', '_version': <span class="number">1</span>, 'result': 'created', '_shards': &#123;'total': <span class="number">2</span>, 'successful': <span class="number">1</span>, 'failed': <span class="number">0</span>&#125;, '_seq_no': <span class="number">0</span>, '_primary_term': <span class="number">1</span>&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>结果中 result 字段为 created，代表该数据插入成功。 另外其实我们也可以使用 index() 方法来插入数据，但与 create() 不同的是，create() 方法需要我们指定 id 字段来唯一标识该条数据，而 index() 方法则不需要，如果不指定 id，会自动生成一个 id，调用 index() 方法的写法如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">es.index(<span class="attribute">index</span>=<span class="string">'news'</span>, <span class="attribute">doc_type</span>=<span class="string">'politics'</span>, <span class="attribute">body</span>=data)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>create() 方法内部其实也是调用了 index() 方法，是对 index() 方法的封装。</p>
                <h3 id="更新数据"><a href="#更新数据" class="headerlink" title="更新数据"></a>更新数据</h3>
                <p>更新数据也非常简单，我们同样需要指定数据的 id 和内容，调用 update() 方法即可，代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> elasticsearch import Elasticsearch</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">es = Elasticsearch()</span><br><span class="line">data = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'title'</span>: <span class="string">'美国留给伊拉克的是个烂摊子吗'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'url'</span>: <span class="string">'http://view.news.qq.com/zt2011/usa_iraq/index.htm'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'date'</span>: <span class="string">'2011-12-16'</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">result = es.update(<span class="attribute">index</span>=<span class="string">'news'</span>, <span class="attribute">doc_type</span>=<span class="string">'politics'</span>, <span class="attribute">body</span>=data, <span class="attribute">id</span>=1)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(result)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里我们为数据增加了一个日期字段，然后调用了 update() 方法，结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight 1c">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&#123;'_index': 'news', '_type': 'politics', '_id': '1', '_version': <span class="number">2</span>, 'result': 'updated', '_shards': &#123;'total': <span class="number">2</span>, 'successful': <span class="number">1</span>, 'failed': <span class="number">0</span>&#125;, '_seq_no': <span class="number">1</span>, '_primary_term': <span class="number">1</span>&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可以看到返回结果中，result 字段为 updated，即表示更新成功，另外我们还注意到有一个字段 _version，这代表更新后的版本号数，2 代表这是第二个版本，因为之前已经插入过一次数据，所以第一次插入的数据是版本 1，可以参见上例的运行结果，这次更新之后版本号就变成了 2，以后每更新一次，版本号都会加 1。 另外更新操作其实利用 index() 方法同样可以做到，写法如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">es.index(<span class="attribute">index</span>=<span class="string">'news'</span>, <span class="attribute">doc_type</span>=<span class="string">'politics'</span>, <span class="attribute">body</span>=data, <span class="attribute">id</span>=1)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可以看到，index() 方法可以代替我们完成两个操作，如果数据不存在，那就执行插入操作，如果已经存在，那就执行更新操作，非常方便。</p>
                <h3 id="删除数据"><a href="#删除数据" class="headerlink" title="删除数据"></a>删除数据</h3>
                <p>如果想删除一条数据可以调用 delete() 方法，指定需要删除的数据 id 即可，写法如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> elasticsearch import Elasticsearch</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">es = Elasticsearch()</span><br><span class="line">result = es.delete(<span class="attribute">index</span>=<span class="string">'news'</span>, <span class="attribute">doc_type</span>=<span class="string">'politics'</span>, <span class="attribute">id</span>=1)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(result)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight 1c">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&#123;'_index': 'news', '_type': 'politics', '_id': '1', '_version': <span class="number">3</span>, 'result': 'deleted', '_shards': &#123;'total': <span class="number">2</span>, 'successful': <span class="number">1</span>, 'failed': <span class="number">0</span>&#125;, '_seq_no': <span class="number">2</span>, '_primary_term': <span class="number">1</span>&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可以看到运行结果中 result 字段为 deleted，代表删除成功，_version 变成了 3，又增加了 1。</p>
                <h3 id="查询数据"><a href="#查询数据" class="headerlink" title="查询数据"></a>查询数据</h3>
                <p>上面的几个操作都是非常简单的操作，普通的数据库如 MongoDB 都是可以完成的，看起来并没有什么了不起的，Elasticsearch 更特殊的地方在于其异常强大的检索功能。 对于中文来说，我们需要安装一个分词插件，这里使用的是 elasticsearch-analysis-ik，GitHub 链接为：<a href="https://github.com/medcl/elasticsearch-analysis-ik" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/medcl/elasticsearch-analysis-ik</a>，这里我们使用 Elasticsearch 的另一个命令行工具 elasticsearch-plugin 来安装，这里安装的版本是 6.2.4，请确保和 Elasticsearch 的版本对应起来，命令如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight awk">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">elasticsearch-plugin install https:<span class="regexp">//gi</span>thub.com<span class="regexp">/medcl/</span>elasticsearch-analysis-ik<span class="regexp">/releases/</span>download<span class="regexp">/v6.2.4/</span>elasticsearch-analysis-ik-<span class="number">6.2</span>.<span class="number">4</span>.zip</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里的版本号请替换成你的 Elasticsearch 的版本号。 安装之后重新启动 Elasticsearch 就可以了，它会自动加载安装好的插件。 首先我们新建一个索引并指定需要分词的字段，代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> elasticsearch import Elasticsearch</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">es = Elasticsearch()</span><br><span class="line">mapping = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'properties'</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'title'</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">'type'</span>: <span class="string">'text'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">'analyzer'</span>: <span class="string">'ik_max_word'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">'search_analyzer'</span>: <span class="string">'ik_max_word'</span></span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">es.indices.delete(<span class="attribute">index</span>=<span class="string">'news'</span>, ignore=[400, 404])</span><br><span class="line">es.indices.create(<span class="attribute">index</span>=<span class="string">'news'</span>, <span class="attribute">ignore</span>=400)</span><br><span class="line">result = es.indices.put_mapping(<span class="attribute">index</span>=<span class="string">'news'</span>, <span class="attribute">doc_type</span>=<span class="string">'politics'</span>, <span class="attribute">body</span>=mapping)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(result)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里我们先将之前的索引删除了，然后新建了一个索引，然后更新了它的 mapping 信息，mapping 信息中指定了分词的字段，指定了字段的类型 type 为 text，分词器 analyzer 和 搜索分词器 search_analyzer 为 ik_max_word，即使用我们刚才安装的中文分词插件。如果不指定的话则使用默认的英文分词器。 接下来我们插入几条新的数据：</p>
                <figure class="highlight 1c">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">datas = [</span><br><span class="line">    &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        'title': '美国留给伊拉克的是个烂摊子吗',</span><br><span class="line">        'url': 'http://view.news.qq.com/zt<span class="number">2011</span>/usa_iraq/index.htm',</span><br><span class="line">        'date': '<span class="number">2011-12-16</span>'</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">    &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        'title': '公安部：各地校车将享最高路权',</span><br><span class="line">        'url': 'http://www.chinanews.com/gn/<span class="number">2011/12-16/353607</span>7.shtml',</span><br><span class="line">        'date': '<span class="number">2011-12-16</span>'</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">    &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        'title': '中韩渔警冲突调查：韩警平均每天扣1艘中国渔船',</span><br><span class="line">        'url': 'https://news.qq.com/a/<span class="number">20111216/001044</span>.htm',</span><br><span class="line">        'date': '<span class="number">2011-12-17</span>'</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">    &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        'title': '中国驻洛杉矶领事馆遭亚裔男子枪击 嫌犯已自首',</span><br><span class="line">        'url': 'http://news.ifeng.com/world/detail_<span class="number">2011</span>_12/16/<span class="number">11372558</span>_0.shtml',</span><br><span class="line">        'date': '<span class="number">2011-12-18</span>'</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">for data in datas:</span><br><span class="line">    es.index(index='news', doc_type='politics', body=data)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里我们指定了四条数据，都带有 title、url、date 字段，然后通过 index() 方法将其插入 Elasticsearch 中，索引名称为 news，类型为 politics。 接下来我们根据关键词查询一下相关内容：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">result = es.search(<span class="attribute">index</span>=<span class="string">'news'</span>, <span class="attribute">doc_type</span>=<span class="string">'politics'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(result)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可以看到查询出了所有插入的四条数据：</p>
                <figure class="highlight json">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br><span class="line">60</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"took"</span>: <span class="number">0</span>,</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"timed_out"</span>: <span class="literal">false</span>,</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"_shards"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"total"</span>: <span class="number">5</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"successful"</span>: <span class="number">5</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"skipped"</span>: <span class="number">0</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"failed"</span>: <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"hits"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"total"</span>: <span class="number">4</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"max_score"</span>: <span class="number">1.0</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"hits"</span>: [</span><br><span class="line">      &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"_index"</span>: <span class="string">"news"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"_type"</span>: <span class="string">"politics"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"_id"</span>: <span class="string">"c05G9mQBD9BuE5fdHOUT"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"_score"</span>: <span class="number">1.0</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"_source"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="attr">"title"</span>: <span class="string">"美国留给伊拉克的是个烂摊子吗"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="attr">"url"</span>: <span class="string">"http://view.news.qq.com/zt2011/usa_iraq/index.htm"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="attr">"date"</span>: <span class="string">"2011-12-16"</span></span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">      &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">      &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"_index"</span>: <span class="string">"news"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"_type"</span>: <span class="string">"politics"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"_id"</span>: <span class="string">"dk5G9mQBD9BuE5fdHOUm"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"_score"</span>: <span class="number">1.0</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"_source"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="attr">"title"</span>: <span class="string">"中国驻洛杉矶领事馆遭亚裔男子枪击，嫌犯已自首"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="attr">"url"</span>: <span class="string">"http://news.ifeng.com/world/detail_2011_12/16/11372558_0.shtml"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="attr">"date"</span>: <span class="string">"2011-12-18"</span></span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">      &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">      &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"_index"</span>: <span class="string">"news"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"_type"</span>: <span class="string">"politics"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"_id"</span>: <span class="string">"dU5G9mQBD9BuE5fdHOUj"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"_score"</span>: <span class="number">1.0</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"_source"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="attr">"title"</span>: <span class="string">"中韩渔警冲突调查：韩警平均每天扣1艘中国渔船"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="attr">"url"</span>: <span class="string">"https://news.qq.com/a/20111216/001044.htm"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="attr">"date"</span>: <span class="string">"2011-12-17"</span></span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">      &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">      &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"_index"</span>: <span class="string">"news"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"_type"</span>: <span class="string">"politics"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"_id"</span>: <span class="string">"dE5G9mQBD9BuE5fdHOUf"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"_score"</span>: <span class="number">1.0</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"_source"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="attr">"title"</span>: <span class="string">"公安部：各地校车将享最高路权"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="attr">"url"</span>: <span class="string">"http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2011/12-16/3536077.shtml"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="attr">"date"</span>: <span class="string">"2011-12-16"</span></span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">      &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    ]</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可以看到返回结果会出现在 hits 字段里面，然后其中有 total 字段标明了查询的结果条目数，还有 max_score 代表了最大匹配分数。 另外我们还可以进行全文检索，这才是体现 Elasticsearch 搜索引擎特性的地方：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">dsl = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'query'</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'match'</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">'title'</span>: <span class="string">'中国 领事馆'</span></span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">es = Elasticsearch()</span><br><span class="line">result = es.search(<span class="attribute">index</span>=<span class="string">'news'</span>, <span class="attribute">doc_type</span>=<span class="string">'politics'</span>, <span class="attribute">body</span>=dsl)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(json.dumps(result, <span class="attribute">indent</span>=2, <span class="attribute">ensure_ascii</span>=<span class="literal">False</span>))</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里我们使用 Elasticsearch 支持的 DSL 语句来进行查询，使用 match 指定全文检索，检索的字段是 title，内容是“中国领事馆”，搜索结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight json">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"took"</span>: <span class="number">1</span>,</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"timed_out"</span>: <span class="literal">false</span>,</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"_shards"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"total"</span>: <span class="number">5</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"successful"</span>: <span class="number">5</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"skipped"</span>: <span class="number">0</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"failed"</span>: <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"hits"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"total"</span>: <span class="number">2</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"max_score"</span>: <span class="number">2.546152</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"hits"</span>: [</span><br><span class="line">      &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"_index"</span>: <span class="string">"news"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"_type"</span>: <span class="string">"politics"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"_id"</span>: <span class="string">"dk5G9mQBD9BuE5fdHOUm"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"_score"</span>: <span class="number">2.546152</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"_source"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="attr">"title"</span>: <span class="string">"中国驻洛杉矶领事馆遭亚裔男子枪击，嫌犯已自首"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="attr">"url"</span>: <span class="string">"http://news.ifeng.com/world/detail_2011_12/16/11372558_0.shtml"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="attr">"date"</span>: <span class="string">"2011-12-18"</span></span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">      &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">      &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"_index"</span>: <span class="string">"news"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"_type"</span>: <span class="string">"politics"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"_id"</span>: <span class="string">"dU5G9mQBD9BuE5fdHOUj"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"_score"</span>: <span class="number">0.2876821</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"_source"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="attr">"title"</span>: <span class="string">"中韩渔警冲突调查：韩警平均每天扣1艘中国渔船"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="attr">"url"</span>: <span class="string">"https://news.qq.com/a/20111216/001044.htm"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="attr">"date"</span>: <span class="string">"2011-12-17"</span></span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">      &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    ]</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里我们看到匹配的结果有两条，第一条的分数为 2.54，第二条的分数为 0.28，这是因为第一条匹配的数据中含有“中国”和“领事馆”两个词，第二条匹配的数据中不包含“领事馆”，但是包含了“中国”这个词，所以也被检索出来了，但是分数比较低。 因此可以看出，检索时会对对应的字段全文检索，结果还会按照检索关键词的相关性进行排序，这就是一个基本的搜索引擎雏形。 另外 Elasticsearch 还支持非常多的查询方式，详情可以参考官方文档：<a href="https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/6.3/query-dsl.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/6.3/query-dsl.html</a> 以上便是对 Elasticsearch 的基本介绍以及 Python 操作 Elasticsearch 的基本用法，但这仅仅是 Elasticsearch 的基本功能，它还有更多强大的功能等待着我们的探索，后面会继续更新，敬请期待。 本节代码：<a href="https://github.com/Germey/ElasticSearch" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/Germey/ElasticSearch</a>。</p>
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